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The second version, the Argus II, was designed to be smaller and easier to implant, and was co-invented by Mark Humayun of the USC Eye Institute, who had been involved in the clinical testing of the Argus I. The first version of the prosthesis, the Argus I, was clinically tested on six people starting in 2002. Greenberg led the company as CEO through 2015 (and was Chairman of the Board through 2018). Greenberg had previously worked on retinal prosthetics as a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, wrote the business plan, and was appointed as CEO of the new company when it was launched. Williams, an investor in a cochlear implant company operated by Mann, approached Mann about founding a company to develop a similar product for the eye, and Mann called a meeting with the two of them and Robert Greenberg, who worked at Mann's foundation. The implant's manufacturer, Second Sight Medical Products, was founded in Sylmar, California, in 1998, by Alfred Mann, Samuel Williams, and Gunnar Bjorg.
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This allows visual detection of edges of large areas of high contrast, such as door frames and sidewalks, to give the individual the capability to navigate in their environment more safely. The resolution of the 6 dot by 10 dot rectangular grid image (produced by the 6 by 10 array of 60 electrode, of which 55 are enabled ) in a persons vision is very low relative to normal visual acuity. The implant consists of 60 electrodes, each 200 microns in diameter. The processor is in turn connected by cables to the implant itself, which is surgically implanted on the surface of the person's retina and tacked into place. The Argus implant's primary external element is a digital camera mounted on eyeglass frames, which obtains images of the user's surroundings signals from the camera are transmitted wirelessly to a computerised image processor.
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The cables connecting the implant to the processor are run through the pars plana, a region near where the iris and sclera touch. The implant is attached to the surface of the retina with a tack. The surgeon removes the vitreous humor and any membranes on the retina where the implant will be placed.
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The implantation procedure takes several hours, with the person receiving the implant under general anaesthesia. : 19 There is also a risk of bacterial infection from the implanted cables that connect the implant to the signal processor. : 18 Side effects Īmong the thirty subjects in the clinical trial, there were nine serious adverse events recorded, including lower than normal intraocular pressure, erosion of the conjunctiva, reopening of the surgical wound, inflammation inside the eye, and retinal detachments. With the device switched on, about 60% were able to accurately walk to a door that was 20 feet away, as opposed to only 5% with the device switched off 93% had no change in their perception of light. : 18 96% of the subjects were better able to identify a white square on a black computer screen 57% were more able to determine the direction in which a white bar moved across a black computer screen. With the device switched on, about 23% of the subjects had improvements in their ability to see all had been at 2.9 or higher on the LogMAR scale and improvements ranged from just under 2.9 to 1.6 LogMAR – the equivalent of 20/1262 reading ability. People in the trial received the implant in only one eye and tests were conducted with the device switched on, or switched off as a control. The device was approved with data from a single-arm clinical trial that enrolled thirty people with severe retinitis pigmentosa the longest follow-up on a trial subject was 38.3 months. The Argus II is specifically designed to treat people with retinitis pigmentosa.